Start with the problem.

Communicators are often too eager to rush in with the solution — the product, service or idea. After all, that’s what we’re selling. But one powerful persuasive technique invites writers to focus on the problem first.

“When you advertise fire extinguishers, open with the flames.”

—  David Ogilvy, ad man

Call it “make ’em sick, make ’em well”: Persuade people by first showing your audience members how bad life can get without your product, service or idea. Here’s how it works in a financial services campaign:

“When you advertise fire extinguishers, open with the flames,” counseled ad man David Ogilvy. Remember: Fire first, fire extinguisher second.

Here are 6 more writing techniques for bringing people around to your point of view:

1. Reframe statistics for persuasion.

Which is more dangerous? A disease that kills 1,286 out of every 10,000 people it strikes? Or one that kills 12.86% of its victims?

The former is about 20% more dangerous, said a group of college students, according to Paul Slivic, University of Oregon psychologist. In fact, 1,286 out of 10,000 is just a different expression of 12.86%.

“If you tell someone that something will happen to one out of 10 people,” Slivic told Money, “they think, ‘Well, who’s the one?’”

Writing to persuade? To make statistics more compelling, make them more emotional. When writing about people, use whole numbers instead of percentages.

2. Narrow their options.

• Would you rather meet on Thursday or Friday?
• Would you like the premium or the deluxe model?
• Do you prefer package A, B or C?

The best persuasive writers frame their messages to include a limited number of options. That way, the communicator, and not the audience member, selects the options. “A or B,” for example, reframes the usual buying decision from “yes or no” to “this or that.”

Limit options to a handful: In one study, researcher Sheena Iyengar set up a tasting booth of gourmet jams. When six flavors were offered, 30% of folks who stopped by the booth bought some jam. When there were 24 options, only 3% made a purchase.

Too many options can paralyze readers. Don’t cause your audience members to opt out altogether. To persuade people, offer this or that.

3. Have a great IDEA.

Whether you’re selling products, services or your company’s new casual dress program, you’ll want to start with getting your readers’ attention and close with a call to action.

This IDEA approach is a great persuasive writing technique:

• Start with an interesting fact, anecdote or quote to get audience attention.
• Make your defining statement, your key message point.
• Use examples to illustrate and support your message.
• Request their immediate action. Let readers know what to do with the information you’ve given them.

4. Don’t We-we on your readers.

To make sure you’re writing to persuade readers — and not about your own organization and its stuff — try John Sweeney’s N-I-C model. Write persuasive copy that focuses on the readers’:

• Need. What “go and do” information do they need? Contact information, URLs, maps? Those become your calls to action.
• Interest. What information do these particular readers want? Consider their demographics and psychographics. Are they mostly .coms, .orgs or .edus?
• Curiosity. Human interest, narrative drama, suspense and other creative elements appeal to all readers and make even the most boring topics more interesting.

5. Think ‘who’ and ‘ooh.’

Michael Sheehan has coached more presidents, vice presidents, cabinet secretaries, governors and members of Congress than anyone in the country. Here’s his two-step approach to helping these power brokers frame their messages:

• Ask “who?” Who’s your target audience? Who will be reading, watching or listening to this message?
• Ask “ooh?” What can you do to make them say, “Ooh, that’s interesting!”

6. Pull the trigger.

When my bookkeeper asked me recently to bring a bag full of business documents over, I put the bag on the bench by my front door so I’d see it on my way out. After forgetting the bag twice, I laced my purse straps through the bag handles. The act of untangling my purse finally reminded me to carry the bag to the car.

That’s called an environmental trigger — a visual cue in the right place to remind you to act in a certain way. You use environmental triggers all the time:

• That’s why your vitamins are on the shelf in front of your cereal box.
• It’s why your take-at-bedtime prescription is on your bedside table next to your reading glasses.
• It’s why the first thing I see when I open my refrigerator is a party-sized tray of crudités from Costco. (Which, sadly, doesn’t keep me from reaching around the tray to grab the sour cream dip.)

Environmental triggers move you to act. You can also use them to move audience members to act.

AT&T’s used a persuasive trigger for its “It Can Wait” pledge:

Take out your phone right now and look at the last text message you got. Read it out loud. Is that text worth causing an accident?

Texting and driving, it can wait. Please take the pledge not to text while driving. …

Why not “Think of the last text message you got?” Because your phone’s the trigger. Next time you pull it out while you’re behind the wheel, AT&T communicators hope, you’ll think “It can wait.”

What persuasive writing techniques do you use to bring readers around to your point of view? Please share in the comments section below.

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Social scientist Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues asked potential voters on the eve of an election to predict whether they would vote and why.

Nearly 87% of those who made a prediction turned out to vote vs. 62% of those who didn’t. That’s a difference of 40%.

Making a commitment makes a difference.

Promise keepers

Call it the Commitment Rule: Our audience members want to act consistently with their commitments and values.

Commitment is one of 6 principles of persuasion outlined by Robert B. Cialdini — the emperor of influence — in his seminal book Influence.

It’s the human condition to keep commitments.

“Once we have made a choice or taken a stand, we will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment,” Cialdini writes. “Those pressures will cause us to respond in ways that justify our earlier decision.”

Take the pledge.

That’s why a restaurant owner reduced no-shows by 67% by asking “Will you please call if you need to cancel?” instead of saying “Please call if you need to cancel.” No-shows dropped from 30% to 10%, report Noah J. Goldstein, Steve J. Martin and Cialdini in Yes! 50 Scientifically Proven Ways to Be Persuasive.

Commit your audience.

Commitments are most effective when they’re active.

Students who filled out a form saying they wanted to volunteer for an AIDS education project were more likely to show up than those who left blank a form saying they didn’t want to participate, according to the authors of Yes!

Nearly half of these active volunteers kept their promise in this study by social scientists Delia Cioffi and Randy Garner. Only 17% of passive volunteers showed up.

So instead of, say, having your receptionist write down the time and date of the next appointment on a reminder card, have clients fill out the card themselves.

You can also gain commitment by asking people to take the pledge.

Bottom line: Asking for commitment — and making that commitment active — can help you move people to act.

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Sources: Noah J. Goldstein, Steve J. Martin and Robert B. Cialdini, Yes! 50 Scientifically Proven Ways to Be Persuasive, Free Press, 2008

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