Lists comprise some of history’s most memorable content — from Moses’ 10 Commandments to Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses, from Stephen Covey’s Seven Habits to Ben Franklin’s 13 Virtues.

• Shakespeare coined the term “list,” in Hamlet. “List, list, O, list!” wrote the Bard.
• Wallace Stevens and Johnny Cash turned lists into an art form.
• (Want more examples? Here’s a list of literary lists.)

So here, of course, is a list of the top five reasons to list lists. Use a numbered or bulleted list when you want to:

1. Get attention.

People can’t resist a list.

Lists “are to the web reader’s eye what Brad Pitt is to the paparazzi,” say Kara Pernice, Kathryn Whitenton and Jakob Nielsen, the authors of How People Read on the Web. “You just can’t get enough.”

That’s because lists make skimmers’ jobs easier and draw the eye. Indeed, according to Pernice et al., web visitors look at 70% of the bulleted lists they encounter.

As a result, lists and other “unconventional” approaches (including Q&As, timelines and short sidebars) get 15% more attention than the average story, according to The Poynter Institute’s Eyetrack07 study.

2. Give journalists what they want.

Why make us work so hard? kvetch journalists surveyed for a study by Greentarget.

These folks are frustrated that they’re too often forced to hunt through long rivers of gray text to find the news. No wonder more than half of them said they’d find it helpful to have a bulleted list of key facts in a release. And more than one-third more were open to the idea.

So give reporters what they want: Add bullets. While you’re at it, why not add subheads, bold-faced lead-ins, callouts and other display copy to make it easy for reporters and others to scan your release?

3. Reach nonreaders with words.

Good lists lift ideas off the page for skimmers and scanners.

Web visitors “have come to realize that bulleted lists do some of the work for them,” write Pernice et al., “so they don’t have to read as much text to get the main idea.”

4. Make messages easier to understand.

Readers also understand lists better than conventional articles, according to Eyetrack07.

5. Get remembered.

And readers remember lists longer than conventional articles, according to Eyetrack07.

That may be because humans process information spatially. Leave your grocery list at home, for instance, and you’ll probably still remember most of its items, because you recall where they were located on the list.

So your readers won’t forget: Please remember, write a list.

6. Cut Through the Clutter.

Bulleted lists help you:

• Break up full sentences to make them easier to read and understand.
• Make paragraphs look easier to read so more people read them.
• Write more concisely, because they eliminate the need for transitions.

Bottom line: If you have a series of three or more items in a sentence or paragraph, make it a list. If you find that your article has become a list of lists, you need more stories, examples, exposition and other types of information.

Lists grab attention, but lists of lists — and, worse, multilevel lists — can be tedious and exhausting. No wonder Pernice, et. al, found that people pay less attention to each subsequent list on a webpage.

When to use a bulleted list

What is the purpose of a bulleted list? Use lists when you want to grab attention, get the word out to skimmers and scammers, and make your message more concise and memorable.

Learn more about listing lists

Should you use bullet points or numbered lists? Complete sentences with full stops or partial sentences? How can you format the items on a list to reach skimmer and scanners? And how do you punctuate lists anyway?

Find out more about how to create a list for business writing.

___

Sources: Kara Pernice, Kathryn Whitenton, and Jakob Nielsen; How People Read on the Web: The Eyetracking Evidence; Nielsen Norman Group; Sept. 10, 2013

Dr. Pegie Stark Adam, Sara Quinn and Rick Edmonds, Eyetracking The News, The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 2007

George A. Miller, “Psychology and Information,” ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation,1993

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Who writes the world’s best web heads?

The folks at BBC News, according to usability expert Jakob Nielsen. Nielsen points to these effective headlines:

Italy buries first quake victims

Romania blamed over Moldova riots

Iran accuses journalist of spying

Ten arrested in UK anti-terrorism raids

Villagers hurt in West Bank clash

Mass Thai protest over leadership

“Around the world in 38 words,” Nielsen says.

How can you write great headlines like the BBC’s? Make sure your blog-post, content-marketing, social-media and other digital-marketing headlines are:

1. Context-free.

Microcontent moves: Web headlines are likely to show up alone in indexes, on social media and in search engine results.

“If there is a choice between boring and useless, I suggest going for boring.”

— Steffen Fjaervik, contributing writer for Poynter Online

That means your headlines and other online display copy — aka microcontent — must be clear regardless of whether the reader sees them within the context of the original page.

Take this headline:

On the move

In print, readers would get a clue about what that means from, say, mugshots of successful employees, images of a moving van or a picture of a shiny new skyscraper. But on a Google search results page or another index, readers might not be able to figure out whether this piece of content is:

• A story about employee promotions
• A piece on your company’s relocation benefits
• Or an article about the new headquarters building

Can readers understand your headlines — without the supporting text, illustrations and other microcontent that appeared on the original web page? If they can’t tell, chances are, they won’t click.

Good microcontent is easy to understand wherever it shows up, in or out of context. So write web headlines that are ready to move.

2. Clear.

One job of the headline is to get web visitors to read your web page. But even the most catchy headline rarely gets that job done.

That’s because few web visitors read online paragraphs in detail. Mostly, web visitors skim and scan the headlines and other display copy. So if you want them to know something, put it in the display copy.

So tell the story — don’t tell about the story — in the headline.

Some types of headlines tell about the story. Here’s one:

Moves and milestones

Who’s moving? What milestones?

This headline tells the story:

Phil Smith named product manager, Program Development

This online business headline tells about the story:

Benefits changes announced

What’s changed?

This headline tells the story:

Hallmark doubles profit sharing contribution

This headline tells about the story:

 New survey tracks industry trends

What did you learn in the survey?

This headline tells the story:

More communicators measuring ROI, survey says

3. Not clever.

I love clever headlines in print. But funny headlines don’t work well online.

Why? See context-free, above. And because Google never laughs.

Instead, make your headlines and other microcontent explanatory.

One huge telecomm company’s website features marketing headlines such as:

Openness — the road to success

(a conference)

A sign of attitude

(cool phones)

Change your perspectives

( IT jobs)

If you’re writing about conferences, phones and jobs, the words conference, phone and job should appear in good headlines.

“If the story is about the dangers of salmonella in tomatoes in California, by golly, the headline probably needs to have California, bacteria and tomatoes in it,” writes Sara Dickenson Quinn, visual journalism guru at The Poynter Institute.

“Maybe salmonella, too.”

The point here is to communicate, not to intrigue. So strive for clarity instead of creativity. Help visitors find what they’re looking for with headlines that explain rather than entertain.

As the BBC writes: Italy buries first quake victims. Any questions?

4. Front-loaded.

When viewing a list of articles on a search engine results page or an index page, web visitors spend less than one second looking at headlines. That’s according to Eyetrack III, a study of online behavior by The Poynter Institute.

So focus on the front, or on the first 2 words — 11 characters — of the headline.

To do so:

• Make it a mullet — business upfront, party in the back. Just slide the topic word to the front and put a colon after it.

  No (first 11 characters highlighted):

  Use drop-down menus sparingly

  Yes:

  Drop-down menus: Use sparingly

  Bonus: Adding a colon or hyphen to your headline can boost results by 9%, according to the Content Marketing Institute.

• Use numerals to say more with fewer characters.

  Instead of:

  First two words: A signal for the scanning eye

  Nielsen recommends that you make it:

  First 2 words: A signal for the scanning eye

  Remember, it’s long been AP style to use numerals for all numbers, even 1 through 9, in headlines.

  Bonus: 36% of people prefer list-based headlines, according to ConversionXL. So make numbers count.

  Oddly, list posts with odd numbers in the headlines outperformed those with even ones by 20%, according to the Content Marketing Institute. So 7 steps is better than 10 tips.

• Move your organization’s name to the end. Check your newsroom: When you scan the list of news release headlines and links, what’s the first word in each item?

  Is it the topic word? Or do you have a list of items that each begins “XYZ Organization announces …”

  No:

  Drake University campus life

  Yes:

  Campus life at Drake University

Front-load like the BBC. How do the BBC’s headlines stack up? Here are the first 2 words from each headline on Nielsen’s list:

Italy buries

Romania blamed

Ten arrested

Villagers hurt

Mass Thai

Iran accuses

Any questions?

5. Short.

Not everyone wants to play, “What’s the last word in the headline?” says Andy Bechtel, associate professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communication at UNC-Chapel Hill.

So write web heads that don’t get truncated by Google, social media channels, mobile apps — or your reader’s attention.

Don’t get your head cut off by:

• To avoid having your headline truncated on search engine results pages, keep headlines to 55 characters or fewer. For SEO, Google prefers that you write headlines with at least 5 words.
• Social media. How will your headline look when it shows up on Facebook, Twitter and other social sharing sites? To avoid getting your head cut off on social media, aim for 55 characters or less.
• Mobile. Mobile apps and websites often truncate long headlines. To avoid getting your head cut off on mobile apps, follow the Associated Press’s guideline and limit headlines to fewer than 40 characters.
• Keep your web head to 8 words or fewer, or about 40 characters. That’s the length readers can understand at a glance, according to research by The American Press Institute. Bonus: Editing down your headline to 8 words can result in a 21% boost in clickthrough rates, according to the Content Marketing Institute.

But online, shorter’s better. My personal preference is for web heads of 6 words or less, or about 30 characters. The average BBC head that made Nielsen’s list weighs in at five words, or 34 characters.

However, note that headlines that work for blog posts tend to be longer, according to Hubspot. Once you write a great post, top it with a headline of 6 to 13 words for the most consistent boost in traffic and hits.

Consider BBC style

The BBC itself offers these suggestions for headlines that make readers feel compelled to click:

1. Write two headlines: a short one for search engine results pages and other indexes and a longer line for search engine optimization. No doubt about it: Google rules online headlines.
2. Think news style. Follow these do’s and don’ts:

• DO include a verb, most of the time: “Britain’s top policeman resigns.”
• DON’T use journalese: “Cave yields marsupial fossil haul.”
• DON’T be ambiguous: “Queen sells pirate music to fans”

3. Tell the story. “You need a short header that is factual and gives understanding,” writes BBC mobile editor Nathalie Malinarich. “Otherwise it just becomes click bait.”

Tweak those headlines.

I once talked to a VP of communications for Humana who asked his communicators to spend 90% of their time and effort on the headlines and other display copy and 10% on the paragraphs.

I’m not sure about the proportions, but I agree with the sentiment. The investment you make in polishing the headline will pay off: Headline tweaks can boost clicks by 10%, according to a study by MarketingExperiments.

As the great adman David Ogilvy wrote: “By the time you’ve written your headline, you’ve spent 90 cents of your advertising dollar.”

Are you investing it well?

____

Sources: “Writing for mobile: Bite-size basics,” BBC Academy, Dec. 2, 2014

“Writing for the web,” BBC Academy, July 2, 2013

Jakob Nielsen, “World’s Best Headlines: BBC News,” Alertbox, April 27, 2009 ^[1]

Jodi Harris, “Increase Content Marketing Success With Helpful Headline Tips & Tools,” Content Marketing Institute,  Aug. 18, 2015

Neil Patel, “5 Characteristics Of High Converting Headlines,” Conversion XL, July 8, 2014

Mimi An, “Compounding Blog Posts: What They Are and Why They Matter,” Hubspot, Jan. 28, 2016

Hi Lovers! Sorry, but we know nothing about dating profile headlines. We wish you the best with online dating and hope you are traveling the world with a new love on June 26, but we can’t help you with that. Thanks for looking!

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